Diagnóstico de la contaminación por aguas residuales domésticas, cuenca baja de la quebrada La Macana, San Antonio de Prado. Municipio de Medellín

Abstract

RESUMEN: Con el objetivo de evaluar la afectación del recurso hídrico por el vertimiento de las aguas residuales domésticas provenientes de descargas directas o de los sistemas de tratamiento integrado en la cuenca baja de la quebrada La Macana, en el corregimiento de San Antonio de Prado, municipio de Medellín, durante el año 2009 se realizó un trabajo de investigación aplicada que incluyó la evaluación de la calidad del agua y la caracterización de los usuarios. Se plantean como alternativas de solución la implementación de: Tratamiento de aguas residuales no convencionales para las viviendas que aún realizan vertido directo, la política de manejo integral del recurso hídrico a través de las empresas comunales que actualmente manejan los acueductos veredales convirtiéndose en pequeñas empresas prestadoras de servicios públicos locales de acueducto y saneamiento quienes operarían y mantendrían el sistema en adecuado funcionamiento.

ABSTRACT: In orden to evaluate the allocation of water resources by the discharge of domestic wastewater from direct discharges or integrated treatment systems implemented in the bottom of the ravine La Macana, in the village of San Antonio de Prado Medellin municipality, during the year 2009, an investigation job had place and included the evaluation of the quality of water and the users' characterization. 7 points were sampled for indicator parameters of quality ( DBO5, DQO, coliform totals, And. E. Coli, fats and oils and suspended solids ) and guided interviews came true where it was found that 62 % of total the load comes from the houses with septic tank and the remainder 38 % of the ones that sell off the direct discharges. The relation DBO/DQO shows than at the studied stretch ( 300 m ), the ravine has degraded 80 % of contaminating the load due to the high capacity of auto-depuration of the current. The main problem identified of contamination by domestic sewage is for coliform totals. A comparative analysis of the parameters measured in previous studies accomplished at the zone ( years 2001, 2005 and 2007 ), it showed that the quality of the water of the receiving source has gotten better, evidenced in the decrease of the values observed especially in coliform totals. As alternatives of solution we suggested the implementation of: Solutions wastewater treatment unconventional even for houses that make direct discharges, the politics of comprehensive handling of the hydric resource through the communal village companies that at present in becoming small-size enterprises drive the aqueducts lending of local public services of aqueduct and sanitation who would operate and would maintain the system in adequate functioning.