Acceso a servicios de salud : análisis de barreras y estrategias en el caso de Medellín, Colombia

Abstract

RESUMEN: El acceso a servicios de salud es un tema de creciente preocupación, en el caso colombiano ha ganado importancia frente al aseguramiento. Objetivo: construir un concepto de acceso e identificar barreras y estrategias, desde la perspectiva de actores en Medellín. Material y métodos: investigación cualitativa con énfasis en tres zonas de Medellín. Resultados: se identificaron similitudes y diferencias en la visión del acceso, las cuales permitieron construir el concepto. Las barreras y los facilitadores se atribuyen a factores de oferta y de demanda. La mayoría de las barreras se dan en el acceso real, durante la búsqueda y continuidad del tratamiento. Algunas características sociales de la población también son factores determinantes. Discusión y conclusiones: los actores recurren a estrategias para solventar las barreras de acceso. El análisis cualitativo del concepto de acceso, de las barreras y las facilidades permite identificar alternativas que pueden servir de insumo para políticas en salud.

ABSTRACT: Context: The access to health services is an increasingly worrying topic in the research and public policies agendas. In the case of Colombia, this topic becomes more important and attains supremacy opposite to assurance. Objective: Building a concept of access and identifying barriers, as well as strategies and alternatives to overcome them from the perspective of the actors of the health system in Medellin. Materials and Methods: qualitative research, focused on three areas of Medellin. We used techniques such as semi-structured interviews; social cartography workshops; observation and result questionnaires of the services. Results: The vision on the access is heterogeneous between actors, although some similarities and differences were identified, that allowed us to build a proposal of the concept of access. The barriers and factors that facilitate access can be attributed to factors on the offer side as well as on the demand side. Most of the barriers happen during real access, during the search and continuity of the treatment. The social characteristics of the population, such as knowledge of the system and social and community support are also determinant factors of access. Discussion and Conclusions: All actors use strategies to solve the access barriers and are affected by them on different levels. The qualitative analysis of the concept of access, of barriers and facilities, allow the identification of alternatives that may serve as components for health policies.